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BME-1157 Biomedical Engineering: Signals and Systems
Exam 19.10.2012/ Juha Nousiainen

No calculators allowed.
Each problem yields maximally 6 points. To pass the exam, you must get in total at least 12 points
and in every guestion at least 2 points. Answer briefly with few sentences in each guestion.

1 Consider the human cardiovascular system as a transportation system.

a) List components (organs, tissues, anatomical structures, molecules) of that system that are
essential in the transportation.

b) You should guantitatively describe the cardiovascular system. List physical or chemical
guantities that can be measured and that describe the functioning of the cardiovascular
system.

c) You should draw an analog model for the cardiovascular system. Briefly explain, what kind

of system properties you should include in the model and with what kind of analog you can
implement that property in the model.

 

D: Figure on the right depicts the Einthoven triangle model.

a) Explain what the Einthoven triangle is (what are the arrows 1,
II, and 111?)

b) Explain what the arrow E is in this model. A

c) Explain what the lines ab and cd do represent in this model and a
how they are formed.

3. Related to the physiological measurements, briefly explain the following:

a) Role and application of stimulators in physiological measurements systems?

b) Principle of any sensor that is able to measure mechanical displacement in the body?

c) Noise and variability in the ECG signal (types and sources of noise and variability)?

4. Briefly explain the following:

a) What is medical tomography imaging? What kinds of tomography imaging modalities are in
clinical use?

b) What are the main interaction mechanisms of x ray with tissue that produce the image

information?

c) Why ultrasound imaging is so popular in medical practice?